Building a Blogging Site with React and PHP: A Step-by-Step Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive tutorial on building a React PHP Blogging Site. This step-by-step guide takes you through the process of creating a fully functional blog using the powerful combination of React for the frontend and PHP for the backend.

• CRUD Operations
• Like/Dislike Feature

By the end of this tutorial, I hope you will have a clear understanding how to integrate a React frontend with a PHP backend, along with a functional blogging site you can continue to expand and customize. Let’s get started on this exciting project and bring our blogging site to life!

Essential Tools for Our React PHP Blogging Site Tutorial

• React
• PHP
• MySQL
• Axios
• Bootstrap

Environment Variables

To handle our API endpoint configurations, we use an .env file in our React PHP Blogging Platform.

		REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL=http://localhost/Projects/blogging-stie/server/api
	

Database Schema

Our blogging site has primarily two tables to store data: blog_posts for the blog entries and post_votes for counting likes and dislikes.

		CREATE TABLE `blog_posts`
		(
		`id`           INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
		`title`        VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
		`author`       VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
		`content`      TEXT NOT NULL,
		`publish_date` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
		PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
		) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

		CREATE TABLE `post_votes`
		(
		`id`         INT(11) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
		`post_id`    INT(11) NOT NULL,
		`user_ip`    VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
		`vote_type`  ENUM('like', 'dislike') NOT NULL,
		`created_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
		`updated_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
		FOREIGN KEY (`post_id`) REFERENCES `blog_posts` (`id`)
		ON DELETE CASCADE
		ON UPDATE CASCADE
		) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
	

Configuring CORS

In today’s web application, security is crucial. To enable safe cross-origin requests, we implement CORS policies in our config.php file.

Key Components of Our CORS Configuration

• Allowed Origins
• Allowed Headers
• Handling Preflight Requests

		// Define configuration options
		$allowedOrigins = ['http://localhost:3000'];
		$allowedHeaders = ['Content-Type'];

		// Set headers for CORS
		$origin = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ORIGIN']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_ORIGIN'] : '';
		if (in_array($origin, $allowedOrigins)) {
			header('Access-Control-Allow-Origin: ' . $origin);
		}

		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_METHOD'])) {
			header('Access-Control-Allow-Methods: ' . implode(', ', $allowedMethods));
		}

		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_HEADERS'])) {
			$requestHeaders = explode(',', $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_HEADERS']);
			$requestHeaders = array_map('trim', $requestHeaders); // Trim whitespace from headers
			if (count(array_intersect($requestHeaders, $allowedHeaders)) == count($requestHeaders)) {
				header('Access-Control-Allow-Headers: ' . implode(', ', $allowedHeaders));
			}
		}
	

Database Configuration and Connection

To store and manage the data for our blogging platform, we use a MySQL database.

		// Database configuration
		$dbHost     = "";
		$dbUsername = "";
		$dbPassword = "";
		$dbName     = "";

		// Create database connection
		$conn = new mysqli($dbHost, $dbUsername, $dbPassword, $dbName);

		// Check connection
		if ($conn->connect_error) {
			die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
		}
	

Create Single Post

Core Features of the CreatePost Component

• State Management with Hooks
• Form Validation
• Asynchronous Data Handling
• Navigation and Feedback

		import React, { useState } from 'react';
		import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
		import axios from 'axios';

		function CreatePost() {
			const [title, setTitle] = useState('');
			const [content, setContent] = useState('');
			const [author, setAuthor] = useState('');
			const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
			const [error, setError] = useState(''); // State for storing the error message

			const navigate = useNavigate();

			// Example validation function (extend as needed)
			const validateForm = () => {
				if (!title.trim() || !content.trim() || !author.trim()) {
					setError("Please fill in all fields.");
					return false;
				}
				// Additional validation logic here
				return true;
			};

			const handleSubmit = async (event) => {
				event.preventDefault();
				setError(''); // Reset error message on new submission
				if (!validateForm()) return; // Perform validation

				setIsLoading(true);

				try {
					const response = await axios.post(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL}/create-post.php`, {
						title,
						content,
						author
					});
					console.log(response.data);
					navigate('/');
				} catch (error) {
					console.error(error);
					setError('Failed to create post. Please try again later.');
					setIsLoading(false);
				}
			};

			return (
				<div className="container mt-4">
					<h2>Create a New Post</h2>
					{error && <div className="alert alert-danger" role="alert">{error}</div>} {/* Display error message */}
					<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
						<div className="mb-3">
							<label htmlFor="title" className="form-label">Title</label>
							<input
							type="text"
							className="form-control"
							id="title"
							value={title}
							onChange={(e) => setTitle(e.target.value)}
							required
							/>
						</div>
						<div className="mb-3">
							<label htmlFor="content" className="form-label">Content</label>
							<textarea
							className="form-control"
							id="content"
							rows="5"
							value={content}
							onChange={(e) => setContent(e.target.value)}
							required
							></textarea>
						</div>
						<div className="mb-3">
							<label htmlFor="author" className="form-label">Author</label>
							<input
							type="text"
							className="form-control"
							id="author"
							value={author}
							onChange={(e) => setAuthor(e.target.value)}
							required
							/>
						</div>
						<button type="submit" className="btn btn-primary" disabled={isLoading}>
							{isLoading ? <span><span className="spinner-border spinner-border-sm" role="status" aria-hidden="true"></span> Creating post...</span> : 'Create Post'}
						</button>
					</form>
				</div>
			);
		}

		export default CreatePost;
	

		header('Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type'); // Allow Content-Type header

		require_once('../config/config.php');
		require_once('../config/database.php');

		// Retrieve the request body as a string
		$request_body = file_get_contents('php://input');

		// Decode the JSON data into a PHP array
		$data = json_decode($request_body, true);

		// Validate input fields with basic validation
		if (empty($data['title']) || empty($data['content']) || empty($data['author'])) {
			http_response_code(400);
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'Error: Missing or empty required parameter']);
			exit();
		}

		// Validate input fields
		if (!isset($data['title']) || !isset($data['content']) || !isset($data['author'])) {
			http_response_code(400);
			die(json_encode(['message' => 'Error: Missing required parameter']));
		}

		// Sanitize input
		$title = filter_var($data['title'], FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
		$author = filter_var($data['author'], FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
		$content = filter_var($data['content'], FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);

		// Prepare statement
		$stmt = $conn->prepare('INSERT INTO blog_posts (title, content, author) VALUES (?, ?, ?)');
		$stmt->bind_param('sss', $title, $content, $author);

		// Execute statement
		if ($stmt->execute()) {
			// Get the ID of the newly created post
			$id = $stmt->insert_id;

			// Return success response
			http_response_code(201);
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'Post created successfully', 'id' => $id]);
		} else {
			// Return error response with more detail if possible
			http_response_code(500);
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'Error creating post: ' . $stmt->error]);
		}

		// Close statement and connection
		$stmt->close();
		$conn->close();
	

Display All Posts

		import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
		import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
		import axios from 'axios';

		function PostList() {
			const [posts, setPosts] = useState([]);
			const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true);
			const [error, setError] = useState('');
			const [currentPage, setCurrentPage] = useState(1);
			const [totalPosts, setTotalPosts] = useState(0);
			const postsPerPage = 10;

			useEffect(() => {
				const fetchPosts = async () => {
					setIsLoading(true);
					try {
						const response = await axios.get(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL}/posts.php?page=${currentPage}`);
						// Assuming the backend wraps posts in a 'posts' field and provides 'totalPosts'
						setPosts(response.data.posts);
						setTotalPosts(response.data.totalPosts);
						setIsLoading(false);
					} catch (error) {
						console.error(error);
						setError('Failed to load posts.');
						setIsLoading(false);
					}
				};

				fetchPosts();
			}, [currentPage]);

			const totalPages = Math.ceil(totalPosts / postsPerPage);
			const goToPreviousPage = () => setCurrentPage(currentPage - 1);
			const goToNextPage = () => setCurrentPage(currentPage + 1);

			return (
				<div className="container mt-5">
					<h2 className="mb-4">All Posts</h2>
					{error && <div className="alert alert-danger">{error}</div>}
					<div className="row">
						{isLoading ? (
						<p>Loading posts...</p>
						) : posts.length ? (
						posts.map(post => (
						<div className="col-md-6" key={post.id}>
							<div className="card mb-4">
								<div className="card-body">
									<h5 className="card-title">{post.title}</h5>
									<p className="card-text">By {post.author} on {new Date(post.publish_date).toLocaleDateString()}</p>
									<Link to={`/post/${post.id}`} className="btn btn-primary">Read More</Link>
								</div>
							</div>
						</div>
						))
						) : (
						<p>No posts available.</p>
						)}
					</div>
					<nav aria-label="Page navigation">
						<ul className="pagination">
							<li className={`page-item ${currentPage === 1 ? 'disabled' : ''}`}>
								<button className="page-link" onClick={goToPreviousPage}>Previous</button>
							</li>
							{Array.from({ length: totalPages }, (_, index) => (
							<li key={index} className={`page-item ${index + 1 === currentPage ? 'active' : ''}`}>
								<button className="page-link" onClick={() => setCurrentPage(index + 1)}>{index + 1}</button>
							</li>
							))}
							<li className={`page-item ${currentPage === totalPages ? 'disabled' : ''}`}>
								<button className="page-link" onClick={goToNextPage}>Next</button>
							</li>
						</ul>
					</nav>
				</div>
			);
		}

		export default PostList;
	

		// Load configuration files
		require_once('../config/config.php');
		require_once('../config/database.php');

		header('Content-Type: application/json');

		// Define configuration options
		$allowedMethods = ['GET'];
		$maxPostsPerPage = 10;

		// Implement basic pagination
		$page = isset($_GET['page']) ? (int)$_GET['page'] : 1;
		$offset = ($page - 1) * $maxPostsPerPage;

		// Query to count total posts
		$countQuery = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS totalPosts FROM blog_posts";
		$countResult = mysqli_query($conn, $countQuery);
		$countRow = mysqli_fetch_assoc($countResult);
		$totalPosts = $countRow['totalPosts'];

		// Check if total posts query is successful
		if (!$countResult) {
			http_response_code(500); // Internal Server Error
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'Error querying database for total posts count: ' . mysqli_error($conn)]);
			mysqli_close($conn);
			exit();
		}

		// Query to get all blog posts with pagination and ordering
		$query = "SELECT * FROM blog_posts ORDER BY publish_date DESC LIMIT $offset, $maxPostsPerPage";
		$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);

		// Check if paginated posts query is successful
		if (!$result) {
			http_response_code(500); // Internal Server Error
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'Error querying database for paginated posts: ' . mysqli_error($conn)]);
			mysqli_close($conn);
			exit();
		}

		// Convert query result into an associative array
		$posts = mysqli_fetch_all($result, MYSQLI_ASSOC);

		// Check if there are posts
		if (empty($posts)) {
			// No posts found, you might want to handle this case differently
			http_response_code(404); // Not Found
			echo json_encode(['message' => 'No posts found', 'totalPosts' => $totalPosts]);
		} else {
			// Return JSON response including totalPosts
			echo json_encode(['posts' => $posts, 'totalPosts' => $totalPosts]);
		}

		// Close database connection
		mysqli_close($conn);
	

Single Post Display & Like/Dislike Feature

			import React, { useState } from "react";
			import { useParams } from "react-router-dom";
			import axios from "axios";

			const Post = () => {
				const { id } = useParams();
				const [post, setPost] = useState(null);
				const [likeCount, setLikeCount] = useState(0);
				const [dislikeCount, setDislikeCount] = useState(0);
				const [ipAddress, setIpAddress] = useState("");

				const fetchPost = async () => {
					try {
						const response = await axios.get(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL}/post.php/${id}`);
						const post = response.data.data;
						setPost(post);
						setLikeCount(post.likes);
						setDislikeCount(post.dislikes);
					} catch (error) {
						console.log(error);
					}
				};

				const fetchIpAddress = async () => {
					try {
						const response = await axios.get("https://api.ipify.org/?format=json");
						setIpAddress(response.data.ip);
					} catch (error) {
						console.log(error);
					}
				};

				const handleLike = async () => {
					try {
						const response = await axios.post(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL}/post.php/${id}/like/${ipAddress}`);
						const likes = response.data.data;
						setLikeCount(likes);
					} catch (error) {
						console.log(error);
					}
				};

				const handleDislike = async () => {
					try {
						const response = await axios.post(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_BASE_URL}/post.php/${id}/dislike/${ipAddress}`);
						const dislikes = response.data.data;
						setDislikeCount(dislikes);
					} catch (error) {
						console.log(error);
					}
				};

				React.useEffect(() => {
					fetchPost();
					fetchIpAddress();
				}, []);

				if (!post) {
					return <div>Loading...</div>;
				}

				return (
					<div className="container my-4">
						<h1 className="mb-4">{post.title}</h1>
						<p>{post.content}</p>
						<hr />
						<div className="d-flex justify-content-between">
							<div>
								<button className="btn btn-outline-primary me-2" onClick={handleLike}>
									Like <span className="badge bg-primary">{likeCount}</span>
								</button>
								<button className="btn btn-outline-danger" onClick={handleDislike}>
									Dislike <span className="badge bg-danger">{dislikeCount}</span>
								</button>
							</div>
							<div>
								<small className="text-muted">
									Posted by {post.author} on {post.date}
								</small>
							</div>
						</div>
					</div>
				);
			};

			export default Post;
		

			// Load configuration files
			require_once('../config/config.php');
			require_once('../config/database.php');

			if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET') {
				$requestUri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
				$parts = explode('/', $requestUri);
				$id = end($parts);

				$query = "SELECT bp.*, 
				(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post_votes WHERE post_id = bp.id AND vote_type = 'like') AS numLikes,
				(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post_votes WHERE post_id = bp.id AND vote_type = 'dislike') AS numDislikes
				FROM blog_posts AS bp WHERE bp.id = ?";

				$stmt = $conn->prepare($query);
				$stmt->bind_param('i', $id);
				$stmt->execute();
				$result = $stmt->get_result();

				if ($result->num_rows === 1) {
					$post = $result->fetch_assoc();

					$response = [
					'status' => 'success',
					'data' => [
					'id' => $post['id'],
					'title' => $post['title'],
					'content' => $post['content'],
					'author' => $post['author'],
					'date' => date("l jS \of F Y", strtotime($post['publish_date'])),
					'likes' => $post['numLikes'],
					'dislikes' => $post['numDislikes']
					]
					];

					header('Content-Type: application/json');
					echo json_encode($response);
				} else {
					$response = [
					'status' => 'error',
					'message' => 'Post not found'
					];

					header('Content-Type: application/json');
					echo json_encode($response);
				}

				$stmt->close();
				$conn->close();
			}

			function checkVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType) {
				$query = "SELECT * FROM post_votes WHERE post_id=? AND user_ip=? AND vote_type=?";
				$stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, $query);
				mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iss", $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType);
				mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);
				$result = mysqli_stmt_get_result($stmt);
				return mysqli_num_rows($result) > 0;
			}

			function insertVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType) {
				if (!checkVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType)) {
					$query = "INSERT INTO post_votes (post_id, user_ip, vote_type) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
					$stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, $query);
					mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iss", $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType);
					mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);
					return mysqli_stmt_affected_rows($stmt) > 0;
				}
				return false;
			}

			function removeVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType) {
				if (checkVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType)) {
					$query = "DELETE FROM post_votes WHERE post_id=? AND user_ip=? AND vote_type=?";
					$stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, $query);
					mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iss", $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType);
					mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);
					return mysqli_stmt_affected_rows($stmt) > 0;
				}
				return false;
			}

			if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
				$segments = explode('/', $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);
				$postId = $segments[6];
				$action = $segments[7];
				$ipAddress = $segments[8];
				$voteType = $action === 'like' ? 'like' : 'dislike';

				if (checkVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType)) {
					if (removeVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType)) {
						http_response_code(200);
						echo json_encode(['message' => ucfirst($voteType) . ' removed successfully.']);
					} else {
						http_response_code(500);
						echo json_encode(['message' => 'Failed to remove ' . $voteType . '.']);
					}
				} else {
					if (insertVote($conn, $postId, $ipAddress, $voteType)) {
						http_response_code(201);
						echo json_encode(['message' => ucfirst($voteType) . ' added successfully.']);
					} else {
						http_response_code(500);
						echo json_encode(['message' => 'Failed to add ' . $voteType . '.']);
					}
				}
			}
		

Navbar

		import React from 'react';
        import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';

        const Navbar = () => {
            return (
            <nav className="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light">
                <div className="container-fluid">
                    <Link className="navbar-brand" to="/">Blog Application</Link>
                    <button
                    className="navbar-toggler"
                    type="button"
                    data-bs-toggle="collapse"
                    data-bs-target="#navbarNav"
                    aria-controls="navbarNav"
                    aria-expanded="false"
                    aria-label="Toggle navigation"
                    >
                    <span className="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
                </button>
                <div className="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
                    <ul className="navbar-nav">
                        <li className="nav-item">
                            <Link className="nav-link" to="/">Home</Link>
                        </li>
                        <li className="nav-item">
                            <Link className="nav-link" to="/create-post">Create Post</Link>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </nav>
        );
    };

    export default Navbar;
	

App.js and Route

		import React from 'react';
		import { BrowserRouter, Routes, Route } from 'react-router-dom';
		import './App.css';
		import Navbar from './components/Navbar';
		import CreatePost from './components/CreatePost';
		import Post from './components/Post';
		import PostList from './components/PostList';

		function App() {
			return (
				<div className="App">
					<BrowserRouter>
						<Navbar />
						<Routes>
							<Route path={"/"} element={<PostList />} />
							<Route path="/create-post" element={<CreatePost />} />
							<Route path="/post/:id" element={<Post />} />
						</Routes>
					</BrowserRouter>
				</div>
			);
		}

		export default App;
	

Conclusion: Mastering the Art of Blog Development with React and PHP

Congratulations on completing this comprehensive guide to building a blogging site with React and PHP! Now you’ve a good idea to integrate a React frontend with a PHP backend, implementing essential features like CRUD operations and a like/dislike system.

This project not only enhances your development skills, but also serves as a solid foundation for future web applications.

Thank you for choosing this tutorial to advance your web development journey on how to create a blogging site using React and PHP.

Get the full React and PHP tutorial for a blogging platform on Code on GitHub.